# Design record

Decisions that are expensive to revisit, and the evidence behind them. If you
are adding symbols rather than changing the machinery, read
[adding-symbols.md](adding-symbols.md) instead.

## What this is

A hand-written [nanobind](https://github.com/wjakob/nanobind) binding of the
OCCT surface the N3XD backend actually uses — 139 symbols across 48 `OCP.*`
modules, per `tools/inventory.py`, not all of OCCT. It installs as a top-level
`OCP`, so it is a drop-in replacement for `cadquery-ocp-novtk` and the app's 442
import sites stay untouched.

Binding *call* overhead was never the bottleneck — the CAD hotspots are inside
the C++ kernel — so the payoff is version velocity, footprint, correctness at
the ownership boundary, and the freedom to add APIs upstream cannot (GIL
release, bulk array extraction).

## The handle model

`opencascade::handle<T>` is cast by `src/common/occt_handle.h`, modelled on
nanobind's own `stl/shared_ptr.h`.

- **C++ → Python**: the wrapper is a *non-owning* nanobind instance pointing at
  the C++ object, plus one handle stored in its keep-alive list. An existing
  wrapper is reused (`is_new == false`), so identity holds while a wrapper is
  alive, and a long-lived object crossing the boundary repeatedly does not pile
  up redundant references. Transients are polymorphic, so `nb_type_put_p`
  downcasts on the dynamic type.
- **Python → C++**: a plain handle copy, balanced when the caster dies after the
  call. Unlike `shared_ptr`, no Python reference is taken: OCCT's intrusive
  atomic refcount owns the object's memory, not the Python instance. That is
  precisely what makes releasing the GIL safe — OCCT may copy handles on its own
  worker threads without touching the interpreter.

**Transient constructors never use `nb::init<>`.** nanobind's normal
constructor placement-news the object into the Python instance's storage, which
OCCT would later `delete`. Use `ocp_new<T, Args...>()` (`occt_transient.h`),
which heap-allocates and returns a handle. This is not hypothetical: the app
builds a `Geom_BSplineCurve` in `sketch_builder/edges.py` and hands it to
`BRepBuilderAPI_MakeEdge`, which keeps a handle past the call.

The caster enforces the rule rather than trusting it: a transient whose
`GetRefCount()` is zero is not handle-owned, and converting it would hand OCCT
the right to free a nanobind instance. `from_python` refuses instead — a
TypeError beats heap corruption, and only a binding bug can reach it.

*Alternative considered*: `nb::intrusive_ptr` plus a side table mapping
`Standard_Transient*` to `PyObject*` (OCCT objects have no self-py slot). It
loses on the property that matters most here — nanobind's intrusive protocol
unifies the C++ count with the PyObject refcount, so `Py_INCREF` from a
GIL-free OCCT thread becomes a crash class. Kept as the documented fallback if
the caster above ever proves unworkable.

*Verification*: `tests/test_handles.py`, run both normally and under
`make test-asan`. It covers wrapper identity across a round trip, survival in
both directions when one side drops its reference, refcount balance across 1000
conversions and across 100 raising calls, null-handle ↔ `None`, and RSS growth
across 50 000 create/destroy cycles. ASAN covers memory *safety*; the RSS
assertion covers *growth* and is skipped under ASAN, whose quarantine retains
freed memory (139 MB of it, which is what a naive reading would call a leak).

## Fidelity rules

Verified against the installed stock wheel, not assumed.

**`__hash__` is bound; `__eq__` is not.** Upstream binds `__hash__` (TShape ⊕
Location) and leaves `__eq__` at Python's default identity comparison, so two
re-extracted copies of one face hash equal but compare unequal. That pairing
looks like a bug and is load-bearing: `cad/topology/geom_memo.py` buckets on
`hash(face)` and disambiguates with `IsSame` *because* `==` cannot be trusted.
Binding `__eq__` to `IsEqual` would quietly collapse entries that memo keeps
apart. Hash *values* need not match upstream — only the semantics do.

**Sub-shapes are returned by value** (`OCP_RETURN_COPY`) from explorers,
iterators, map lookups and history lists. A `TopoDS_Shape` is a small value
holding a handle to its TShape, so a copy is one incref and owns what it points
at. This makes the lifetime class that segfaulted a process-global face memo
unrepresentable.

**Executing constructors are not bound.** `BRepAlgoAPI_*` gets a default
constructor plus `SetArguments`/`SetTools`/`Build` — the two-argument forms run
the algorithm immediately, which is how a latent double-execution survived in
the app for a while.

**`_s` on every static**, via `OCP_DEF_S`. The rule is blanket rather than
clash-driven, so no static can ship without it; the app calls 176 of them.

**Enums** use `nb::is_arithmetic()` + `export_values()`, reproducing pybind11's
int comparison and module-scope members (`from OCP.TopAbs import TopAbs_FACE`).

**Exceptions**: `Standard_Failure` derives `RuntimeError`, which is what keeps
the backend's `except RuntimeError` sites working — it never names an OCCT
class. About 20 concrete types are bound under `OCP.Standard` / `OCP.StdFail`
and dispatched on the dynamic OCCT type, because cad_pool's children marshal
failures home as `f"{type(exc).__name__}: {exc}"`, making the name observable.

**`TopoDS` is a namespace in OCCT 7.9**, not a class. Upstream still presents it
as a class carrying the `_s` statics, and the app calls `TopoDS.Face_s(...)`, so
`mod_TopoDS.cpp` binds an empty carrier struct under that name.

## GIL policy

Released around calls that stay inside the kernel and cannot re-enter Python:
`Build`/`Perform`, meshing, `BRepCheck_Analyzer`, file readers and writers, and
every `n3xd_ocp` bulk API. Applied from an explicit list, never blanket.

`BinTools` is *also* GIL-free for the kernel half, which the original plan
assumed impossible. Rather than bridging a `streambuf` that calls back into
Python per chunk, `occt_stream.h` slurps the file-like object first and hands
the kernel a pure C++ stream. That is correct regardless of how BinTools seeks,
and costs one extra copy of the payload — which `n3xd_ocp.bintools` avoids
entirely for the pool paths that care.

**None as an argument** is rejected before the caster for simple overloads, so
handle parameters that legitimately accept a null handle need an explicit
`nb::arg("x").none()`. Null *returns* map to `None` unconditionally. The app
passes no null handles today; `inventory.py` plus the app suite are the guard.

## Packaging

**One extension** (`OCP/_OCP.abi3.so`) registering every `OCP.*` submodule via
`PyImport_AddModule`, so `import OCP.TopoDS` works with no shim module per name
and `cls.__module__` reads `OCP.TopoDS`. The whole surface traffics in
`TopoDS_Shape`, `gp_*` and handles, so sharing types in-process is free here and
would otherwise lean on nanobind's cross-extension registry; registration order
stays an explicit sequence in `core.cpp`; and cad_pool's forkserver warms one
dlopen. One `.cpp` per module keeps incremental compiles cheap — only the link
is shared.

**abi3 (`cp312-abi3`)** from the first build, matching forge/assay, so the
Python 3.13 bump (roadmap 10D) needs no rebuild. Escape hatch if a nanobind
STABLE_ABI limitation ever bites: drop `STABLE_ABI` and `wheel.py-api`, since
every deployed environment is 3.12. Stub generation works fine under abi3.

**Version `<occt>.N`**, asserted at configure time against the OCCT actually
found, so `occt_version()` keeps reporting the truth for assay's goldens.
Iteration builds carry `.devN`; the registry never allows republishing.

**No sdist is ever published** — it could not build without the builder image,
and offering one invites the 4-core production host to try. That is enforced by
only ever building wheels. Note `sdist.exclude` is *not* the way to do it:
scikit-build-core feeds it into the wheel's package-file mapping too, so
excluding `*` silently ships a wheel containing the compiled extension and none
of the Python package. Relatedly, file selection is git-based, so the generated
`.pyi` stubs are gitignored *and* re-included through `sdist.include`.

**Fork safety**: import starts no threads and creates no fork-hostile state, so
cad_pool's forkserver keeps costing ~30 ms per job instead of a ~1.3 s spawn.
Pinned by `tests/test_forksafety.py`.

## The `n3xd_ocp` module

`OCP.*` stays a symbol-for-symbol drop-in so parity testing means something;
anything additive lives in `n3xd_ocp`, shipped in the same wheel and backed by
the same OCCT build. Only the leaf submodules are registered from C++ — creating
the parent would put a bare module in `sys.modules` and a later `import
n3xd_ocp` would skip the package's `__init__.py`.

Shipped: `bintools` (shape ↔ `bytes`, GIL-free, byte-identical to
`OCP.BinTools` and asserted so) and `_debug` (test-only ownership
introspection).

Designed, landing with the increment that binds their types:

```python
# with Inc 1 (BRepGProp/GProp) — attacks the measured 94 % of
# face_candidate_anchors (0.99 s of 1.05 s for 690 faces) that is
# BRepGProp.SurfaceProperties_s called once per face from Python
def face_surface_props(shape, *, parallel=True) -> tuple[ndarray, ndarray]
    # areas[F], centroids[F,3], ordered by TopExp.MapShapes_s(FACE) index

# with Inc 2 (BRepMesh/Poly) — replaces the per-node and per-triangle Python
# loops in cad/tessellation.py
class FaceMesh:  nodes, triangles, normals, uv, face_index
def extract_meshes(shape, *, want_normals=True, want_uv=False,
                   apply_location=True, flip_reversed=True) -> list[FaceMesh]

# with Inc 4 — opt-in experiment: OSD::SetSignal turns some native faults into
# catchable Standard_Failure subclasses inside cad_pool children.  Never called
# at import; subprocess isolation stays regardless.
def set_signal(arm_fpe: bool = False) -> None
```

The backend adopts these after cutover, one call site at a time.

## Open questions

- **S5** — whether STEP needs `CSF_*` resource files shipped in the wheel.
  Modern OCCT code-initialises most `Interface_Static` defaults; settle it when
  Inc 3 (I/O) lands, in a container without system OCCT resources.
- **Byte-identity beyond 7.9.3** — the gate compares against the stock wheel, so
  it necessarily retires at the OCCT 8.0 bump (roadmap 10E), where the fixtures
  are re-blessed deliberately alongside assay's goldens.